The
Scarlet Pimpernel
Fiction
and Fact
“They seek him here, they seek him
there,
Those French men seek him everywhere.
Is he in Heaven? – Is he in hell?
That damned annoying Pimpernel.”
The
Scarlet Pimpernel, Baroness Orczy’s most famous character, is Percy, the
gallant daredevil, Sir Percival Blakeney Bart.
He is the hero of her novels and short stories set in The French
Revolution, so aptly nick-named The Reign of Terror.
Orczy
was a royalist with no sympathy for the merciless Jacobins who spared no
efforts to achieve their political ambitions.
Historical accounts prove everyone in France was at risk of being
arrested and sent to the guillotine.
Orczy’s works of fiction about the Scarlet Pimpernel display her
detailed knowledge about revolutionary France and capture the miserable
atmosphere which prevailed.
When
writing about her novel The Laughing
Cavalier, Percy’s ancestor, Orczy
described Percival’s “sunny disposition, irresistible laughter, a
careless insouciance and adventurous spirit”.
As
I mentioned in my February Insider Blog about Baroness Orczy, Percy revealed himself to Orczy while she was
waiting for a train at an underground station. She saw his apparition dressed
in exquisite clothes that marked him as a late eighteenth century gentleman, noted
the monocle he held up in his slender hand and heard both his lazy drawl and
quaint laugh. Inspired she wrote The
Scarlet Pimpernel in five weeks.
On
the second of August 1792, Percy founded his gallant League of Gentlemen
composed of nine members. When ten more
members enrolled in January 1793 there was “one to command and nineteen to
obey.” Percy and his league saved innocents from the French Revolutionary
Government’s tool, Madame Guillotine.
London society speculated about the identity of The Scarlet Pimpernel but, with the possible exception of the
Prince Regent, only the members of Percy’s league knew his true identity.
Percy, a man of wealth and influence
well-acquainted with the Prince Regent, heir to the throne, married Marguerite St.
Just, a French actress. Until Percy
discovered Marguerite was responsible for an aristocratic family’s death he was
an adoring husband. Percy kept his alias, The Scarlet Pimpernel, secret from
Marguerite for fear she would betray him.
Still loving Marguerite in spite of her crime, he feigned indifference,
treated her coldly, shunned her company and acted the part of a fool so
successfully that he bored her. However, Marguerite discovered the truth about
Percy and saved his life. After the
romantic couple’s reconciliation, Marguerite is mentioned as a member of the
league in Mam’zelle Guillotine.
At
the beginning of each of Orczy’s novels about The Scarlet Pimpernel and his
league, the current events of the French Revolution are summarised. Thus, Orczy weaves fiction and fact by not
only featuring English and French historical figures such as Robespierre,
d’Herbois, The Prince of Wales, and Sir William Pitt, the younger, but by
making use of historical events. For
example, in Eldorado Orczy describes
the Dauphin in the care of the brutal shoemaker, Simon, who teaches the prince
to curse God and his parents.
In
the midst of horror, Orczy uses romance and heroism to defeat evil, as she did
as a child when playing the part of a fearless prince while her sister acted
the part of a damsel in distress.
Orczy
spent 1900 in Paris
that, in her ears, echoed with the horrors of the French Revolution. Surely, she had found the setting for her
magnificent hero, The Scarlet Pimpernel,
who would champion the victims of The Terror.
But why did she choose such an insignificant flower for Percy’s
alias? It is not unreasonable to
suppose a Parisian royalist organisation’s triangular cards, which were hand
painted with roses that resemble scarlet pimpernels, fuelled Orczy’s
imagination.
Further
fuel might have been added by a man called Louis Bayard, a young man with
similarities to the real life Scarlet Pimpernel, although he might not have
been motivated by Percy’s idealism
William
Wickham, the first British spymaster, engaged the nineteen-year old Louis
Bayard. Louis proved himself to be as elusive as Percy. Like Percy, Louis had
many aliases. Not only did Orczy’s fictional hero and Louis fall in love with
actresses, they appeared and disappeared without causing comment. Real life
Louis’s and fictional Percy’s lives depended on being masters of disguise.
In
disguise, Percy fools his archenemy, Citizen Chauvelin, who Orczy gives the
role of official French Ambassador to England. It is an interesting example of
her distortion of historical personalities and incidents for them to feature in
her works of fiction. In fact, it is
doubtful that Bernard-Francois, marquis de Chauvelin ever assumed a false
identity as he did in Orczy’s novel, The Scarlet Pimpernel, about Percy and his
League of Gentlemen, among whom are such fictional but memorable characters
such as Armand St Just, Marguerite’s brother, Sir Andrew Ffoulkes, Lord
Hastings and Lord Antony Dewhurst.
Another
example of Orczy weaving fact and fiction is Louis-Antoine St Just, a fanatical
revolutionary, who she describes as Marguerite’s cousin. Louis-Antoine St Just, a young lawyer, was
Maximillian Robespierre’s follower. He supported the punishment of traitors as
well as that of anyone who was a ‘luke-warm’ revolutionary. In The
Triumph of the Scarlet Pimpernel Marguerite’s brother, the fictional,
Armand St Just, meets with Robespierre and other Jacobins. Orczy portrays him as young, fervent and
articulate as the real-life Louis-Antoine St Just.
Throughout
the history of publishing countless authors, who became famous and whose work
is still enjoyed as books, films, plays and television adaptations, found it
difficult to place their work. Orczy’s
most famous novel was no exception.
Percy took the leading role in her play called The Scarlet Pimpernel and captured the audience’s hearts.
Subsequently the novel was published, and Percy became famous. His fame increased with each sequel about his
daring exploits.
Orczy
did not write her novels featuring Percy and his brave companions in historical
sequence, but for readers who might prefer to read them in that order instead
of the order in which she wrote them, they are as follows.
Novels
Title Chronology Published
*The
Laughing Cavalier January 1623 1913
*The
First Sir Percy March
1624 1920
**The
Scarlet Pimpernel September
– October 1792 1905
Sir
Percy Leads the Band January
1793 1936
I
Will Repay August-September
1793 1906
The
Elusive Pimpernel September–October
1793 1908
Lord
Tony’s Wife November-December
1793 1917
The
Way of the Scarlet Pimpernel late
1793 1933
Eldorado January1794 1913
Mam’zelle
Guillotine January
1974 1940
Sir
Percy Hits Back May
– June 1794 1927
A
Child of the Revolution July
1794 1932
The
Triumph of the Scarlet Pimpernel 1922
***Pimpernel
and Rosemary 1917-1924 1924
* About Sir Percy’s ancestor.
** Play 1903.
*** About Sir Percy’s descendant.
Short Stories
The
League of the Scarlet Pimpernel July
1793 1919
Adventures
of the Scarlet Pimpernel Possibly
1794 1929
Of Further Interest.
Links
in the Chain of Life. Baroness Orczy’s
biography.
A Gay Adventurer.
A biography of Sir Percy Blakeney, Bart (1935) written by ‘John
Blakeney’ pseudonym of Baroness Orczy’s son John Montagu Baroness Orczy Barstow.